Pharmaceutical agents that prevent or manage chemotherapy-induced toxicity (CIT) have recently become available, and the impact of their overall healthcare cost savings is ill-defined. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the overall cost associated with CITs, particularly cardiovascular toxicities, hematologic toxicities, neurotoxicities, and nephrotoxicities. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify studies that reported CIT-associated costs, either as a primary or secondary study endpoint. The diversity of this therapeutic area necessitated these exclusion criteria: cancers secondary to autoimmune deficiencies, chemotherapy following transplantation or radiation treatment, and studies restricted to hypothetical costs or to chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting. Inclusion criteria comprised chemically induced (or adverse event) toxicities and cost-related measures. RESULTS: Definitions and methods used by researchers measuring CIT-associated costs vary widely. Most studies included only direct medical costs, with emphasis on inpatient resource utilization. Thus, hospitalization consistently was identified as the most important factor affecting total costs, regardless of cancer type. As a percentage of total treatment costs, CIT costs comprised up to 58% of all resources expended on inpatient cancer care. Toxicity cost estimates ranged as follows: febrile neutropenia, $250–$9,000; cardiotoxicity, $1,700–$5,600; and thrombocytopenia, $1,000–$2,600. No study has evaluated nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity costs. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, costs associated with CITs may be substantial. Both direct and indirect costs, costs associated with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and nephrotoxicity, and costs associated with ambulatory care or with toxicities occurring beyond the initial chemotherapy regimen need to be elucidated. A comprehensive, prospective cost-of-illness study that examines overall costs associated with CITs would help determine how to best use finite healthcare dollars to improve patient care.