OBJECTIVES: Inappropriate prescribing and use of antimicrobial medicines is one of the main reasons of antibiotic resistance. It can lead to treatment failure and compromise patient’s safety. This study evaluated attitudes of primary care pediatricians and family physicians concerning prescribing antibiotics in children. METHODS: Survey was conducted in all 11 regions of Armenia. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to pediatricians and family physicians in primary health care settings. RESULTS: CONCLUSIONS: The majority of primary care physicians believe that doctors prescribe in children antimicrobials which are selected from appropriate approved documents - AEML and NCGs. However, only less than half of pediatricians and family physicians prescribe as the first-line empiric treatment for pneumonia the medicine recommended by the approved NCG. Educational strategies could be useful for improving physicians’ knowledge and adherence to treatment guidelines.