OBJECTIVES: Rotavirus is the most important agent of acute gastroenteritis and causes high burden of disease in children age under 5. Bovine-pentavalent Rotavirus vaccine has been introduced in Korea in september 2007. We investigated whether routine immunization of Rotavirus vaccine can be cost-benefit from societal perspective. METHODS: Cost-benefit analysis of universal vaccination of Rotavirus was performed from a societal perspective. A decision tree was developed and national health insurance claim data, national statistics data, literature evidence and seconday survey data were used for the analysis. We presented benefit-cost ratio as a primary outcome, and net present value(NPV) also presented. Base case assumption was 95% of vaccine coverage, oral administration of 1 dose of vaccine at 2, 4, 6 month each, ₩70 000 of vaccine price per dose on birth cohort 2006. RESULTS: Universal vaccination of Rotavirus would prevent 16,338 clinic visits, 4,657 hospitalization, 0.16 death per year. Assuming cost of vaccine per dose of ₩70,000, benefit-cost ratio was 0.20, NPV was ₩-72.4 billion, and the break-even cost of vaccine per dose was ₩ 13,700. Sensitivity analysis shows that a vaccine price and a incidence rate is very influential to the result. CONCLUSIONS: Universal Rotavirus vaccination may reduce the short-term morbidity effectively and improve quality of life of children and their caregivers, but due to the high price of the vaccine, it is unlikely cost-beneficial at the baseline price.