OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to examine the decisive factors associated with the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected population utilizing Andersen’s Behavioral Model. METHODS: This study is a retrospective data analysis of individuals infected with HIV in panels 14 to 16 of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey in years 2009 to 2012. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between ART usage and the factors nested in Andersen’s Behavioral Model, which includes predisposing, enabling and need components. RESULTS: For predisposing characteristics, patients taking ART were slightly older (age: 46.14±0.98) than patients not taking ART (age: 43.34±0.91). Being a male and African American was highly associated with the use of ART, as compared to being a female or white (P value: <0.0001; 0.00119). People living in the Northeast were more likely to take ART than individuals living in other regions in the United States (P value: 0.0032). Among enabling components, difficulty in receiving medical care and having non-public insurance coverage were associated with not taking ART (P value: 0.0851; 0.0013). Having private insurance coverage was positively correlated with nonuse of ART (odds ratio: 0.190; 95% CI: 0.047-0.779; P value: 0.00003). However, family income was not associated with the use of ART among the HIV-infected population. With respect to the health status in the need component, using ART was associated with reported improved health status in general, compared with those not using ART; however, the association was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Predisposing and enabling factors were found to be significantly associated with ART usage; however, need factors were not found to be significant. More effort is needed to improve the healthcare utilization inequality among minority populations.