OBJECTIVES: Among individuals suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) newly treated with lipid-lowering drugs (LLD): (1) to estimate persistence with LLD one year after treatment initiation; (2) among those persisting, to estimate compliance in the year following LLD initiation; (3) to identify factors associated with persistence and with compliance. METHODS: Using Quebec administrative databases we carried out a cohort study of individuals aged ≥18 who had started a LLD between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011. Individuals still undergoing treatment with any LLD one year after their first claim were considered persistent. Of these, we considered compliant those with a supply of drugs for ≥80% of days. We identified factors associated with persistence and with compliance using modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Among 14,607 eligible individuals, 80.7% were persistent and 88.7% of these were compliant with their LLD. Individuals with low (Prevalence ratio: 1.03; 95%IC: 1.01-1.06) and medium socioeconomic status (SES) (1.04; 1.02-1.05) compared with those with high SES, treated by a nephrologist (vs. general practitioner) (1.06; 1.04-1.09), who had hypertension (1.04; 1.02-1.06), diabetes (1.04; 1.03-1.06), stroke (1.09; 1.07-1.12) or coronary disease (1.07; 1.05-1.09) were more likely to be persistent. Individuals more likely to be compliant were aged ≥66 (vs. 18-65) (1.04; 1.01-1.07), had low (vs. high) SES (1.08; 1.06-1.10), and had ≥12 (vs. <7) distinct drugs (1.03; 1.0-1.05), had been hospitalized (1.04; 1.02-1.06) or had stroke (1.04; 1.03-1.06) in the year prior to LLD treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS: One year after LLD initiation, 28% of individuals with CKD were either no longer taking their treatment or had not been compliant to it. Results could help target individuals who need help to better manage their LLD treatment.