OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic literature review on relapsed or refractory AL amyloidosis, focusing on clinical outcomes, epidemiology, health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) and economic aspects. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for English-language articles published in the last 10 years using search terms including “Primary/Systemic amyloidosis”, “epidemiology/prevalence/incidence”, “therapeutics/drug therapy/outcome”, ”patient-reported/quality-of-life/satisfaction and “economics/cost” etc. Search results were manually reviewed, and relevant studies were selected for inclusion as appropriate. Additional references were obtained from clinical conferences and the reference lists of selected articles.  RESULTS: CONCLUSIONS: Limited epidemiologic and health outcomes data exist in the literature for relapsed or refractory AL amyloidosis. Treatment options are insufficient. New therapies which offer better clinical outcomes with less toxicity are needed to improve patient care.