OBJECTIVES: Non-adherence to treatment predicts poorer health status.  Patient characteristics underlying intentional (INA) and unintentional (UNA) non-adherence were analyzed among eleven costly chronic conditions. METHODS: Data from U.S. 2011 National Health and Wellness Survey included 30,981 (of 75,000) respondents reporting prescriptions for: asthma, pain, congestive heart failure, COPD, diabetes, hypertension, depression, bipolar disorder, peripheral vascular disease, transient ischemic attack, and stroke.  Morisky Medication Adherence Scale items were summed to create INA (“stop taking medicine when feeling better” and “…when feeling worse”) and UNA (“forget to take medicine” and “careless about taking medicine”) scores ranging from 0=adherence to 2=high non-adherence.  Across conditions, two logistic regressions predicted INA and UNA (1+ vs. 0) from gender, age, marital status, college education, income, race/ethnicity, exercise ≥12 times monthly, alcohol consumption ≥2 times weekly, cigarette smoking, employment, health insurance, BMI category, and adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. RESULTS: Adjusting for covariates, significant predictors of INA and UNA (odds ratios in parentheses for INA and UNA, respectively), were: female gender (1.32/1.09), younger age (1.04/1.02), education (non-significant [n.s.]/1.13), employment (n.s./1.13), uninsured status (1.24/n.s.), income