OBJECTIVES: Chemotherapy-induced FN can result in reduced chemotherapy delivery, unplanned hospitalizations, increased mortality risk, and substantial HCU. Little is known about FN-related HCU among cancer patients in Dutch clinical practice. METHODS: Data from incident adult BC and NHL-patients from 1998–2007 were obtained from the PHARMO Record Linkage System, including pharmacy, hospital, and lab data. Eligible patients had ≥12 months medical history and received chemotherapy within 6 months after cancer diagnosis. Patients developing FN within 6 months after first chemotherapy (“FN-patients”) were matched 1:2 on gender, birth-year, and chemotherapy-regimen to patients without FN (“non-FN-patients”). HCU-data (hospitalizations, medical procedures, drug use [number dispensed]) was tallied from entry date (date of FN or matched date for non-FN-patients) for up to 3 months. Statistics are descriptive with crude odds ratios (OR). RESULTS:  As a result, 80/1033 (8%) BC-patients developed FN. 95/486 (20%) NHL-patients developed FN. Eighty and 89 FN-patients were matched, respectively. More FN-patients than non-FN-patients were hospitalized in the first month after entry date (BC: 73% vs 14% [OR=23.0; 95%CI:(8.3-63.7)]; NHL: 78% vs 33% [OR=7.6; 95%CI:(3.9-15.1)]). These differences were mainly due to FN-related hospitalizations (BC: 55% vs 1%; NHL: 47% vs 4%). FN-patients also had a longer mean length of stay per all-cause hospitalization (BC: 4.6 vs 1.9 days; NHL: 10.1 vs 3.0 days). Mean number of total drugs dispensed in the first month was higher in FN-patients than in non-FN-patients (BC: 5.8 vs 3.1; NHL: 8.5 vs 3.6), as was use of anti-infectious agents (BC: 99% vs 11%; NHL: 96% vs 20%) and other non-chemotherapy drugs. More FN-patients than non-FN-patients had medical procedures (BC: 14% vs 3%; NHL: 13% vs 8%). HCU-differences between FN-patients and non-FN-patients were maintained after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: HCU in BC and NHL-patients with FN in the Netherlands is substantial. Reduction of FN may improve quality of life and save resources.