OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify how medication compliance and/or persistence were assessed in the cost-effectiveness analysis, and what the impact was on ICER(Incremental cost effectiveness ratio). METHODS: Pharmacoeconomic studies with compliance and/or persistence measures, had published from March 2005 to February 2010, were searched through MEDLINE. Articles were included if they integrated medication compliance and/or persistence into the economic analysis model. We reviewed the target diseases, the model designs, and the impact of non-compliance on the treatment costs and effects. After that, the results were compared with a previous review article of ISPOR MCP(Medication compliance and persistence special interest group) had conducted in 2007. RESULTS: The search identified 77 articles, and 10 of them were selected. Even though the overall kinds of target diseases were different, most of them were chronic diseases, which have remission and relapse as common characteristics. Variety of modeling techniques such as decision-analysis and Markov model, DES(Discrete event simulation) were used for the evaluations. In decision-analysis models, the branches of decision trees represented different level of compliance. In case of Markov models, transition probabilities assumed to be higher for those patients who were non-persistent or non-adherent to treatment. Finally, considering the effect of compliance and/or persistence, it may cause decrease of ICER for new intervention. CONCLUSIONS: We found that incorporating compliance and/or persistence into economic evaluations lead to favorable results to new intervention. However, there was a lack of methodological rigor and consistency in definition. Therefore, development of guidance is needed for measurement, analysis, interpretation, and application of compliance and persistence from variety of data sources.