BURDEN OF HYPERTENSION AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN INDIA: EVIDENCE FROM A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, META-ANALYSIS, AND REAL-WORLD OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Author(s)
SWATHY GOVINDASWAMY, PhD1, HEMPRASATH SHANMUGAVEL, PharmD2, Sk Suresh, PharmD3, giftson Immanuel Jeyraj, PharmD4, Thanu Varshini RS, PharmD5.
1ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, Faculty of Pharmacy, SRIHER(DU), CHENNAI, India, 2Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and research,porur, KANCHIPURAM, India, 3Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and research,porur, Chennai, India, 4Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, SRIHER(DU), Chennai, India, 5Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India.
1ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, Faculty of Pharmacy, SRIHER(DU), CHENNAI, India, 2Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and research,porur, KANCHIPURAM, India, 3Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and research,porur, Chennai, India, 4Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, SRIHER(DU), Chennai, India, 5Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India.
Presentation Documents
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the national burden of hypertension among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India using published evidence and to compare these findings with real-world prevalence and associated factors derived from hospital-based observational data.
METHODS: This study was conducted in two phases. First, a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting the prevalence of hypertension among adults with T2DM in India was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251041846). A random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird) was used to estimate the pooled prevalence with subgroup analyses by residence. Second, a prospective observational study analyzed hospital data from 500 adults with T2DM; hypertension prevalence was estimated, and multivariable logistic regression identified factors independently associated with hypertension, adjusting for age, sex, HbA1c, smoking, and alcohol use.
RESULTS: A meta-analysis of nine Indian studies showed a pooled hypertension prevalence of 43.6% (95% CI: 38.0-49.0%; I²=87%), higher in urban (59.2%; 95% CI: 50.4-68.0%) than rural residents (47.1%; 95% CI: 38.3-55.9%). The hospital cohort demonstrated an even higher prevalence (63.6%, 318/500). Multivariable logistic regression (n=499) found that increasing age was independently associated with hypertension (adjusted OR 1.07 per year; 95% CI: 1.04-1.08; p<0.001). Sex (p=0.51), HbA1c (p=0.92), smoking (p=0.06), and alcohol (p=0.33) were not significant after adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension affects nearly half of T2DM patients nationally in India, with a substantially higher prevalence in urban settings and tertiary care, predominantly driven by advanced age. Age- and residence-targeted integrated management strategies are needed to optimize cardiovascular risk reduction within Indian healthcare systems.
METHODS: This study was conducted in two phases. First, a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting the prevalence of hypertension among adults with T2DM in India was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251041846). A random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird) was used to estimate the pooled prevalence with subgroup analyses by residence. Second, a prospective observational study analyzed hospital data from 500 adults with T2DM; hypertension prevalence was estimated, and multivariable logistic regression identified factors independently associated with hypertension, adjusting for age, sex, HbA1c, smoking, and alcohol use.
RESULTS: A meta-analysis of nine Indian studies showed a pooled hypertension prevalence of 43.6% (95% CI: 38.0-49.0%; I²=87%), higher in urban (59.2%; 95% CI: 50.4-68.0%) than rural residents (47.1%; 95% CI: 38.3-55.9%). The hospital cohort demonstrated an even higher prevalence (63.6%, 318/500). Multivariable logistic regression (n=499) found that increasing age was independently associated with hypertension (adjusted OR 1.07 per year; 95% CI: 1.04-1.08; p<0.001). Sex (p=0.51), HbA1c (p=0.92), smoking (p=0.06), and alcohol (p=0.33) were not significant after adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension affects nearly half of T2DM patients nationally in India, with a substantially higher prevalence in urban settings and tertiary care, predominantly driven by advanced age. Age- and residence-targeted integrated management strategies are needed to optimize cardiovascular risk reduction within Indian healthcare systems.
Conference/Value in Health Info
2026-05, ISPOR 2026, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Value in Health, Volume 29, Issue S6
Code
EPH54
Topic
Epidemiology & Public Health
Disease
SDC: Cardiovascular Disorders (including MI, Stroke, Circulatory), SDC: Diabetes/Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders (including obesity)