OBJECTIVES: China has the highest number of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the world. However, it is unclear what levels of screening and treatment are needed to achieve the WHO 2030 hepatitis C elimination targets. We aimed to evaluate the impact of scaling up interventions on the hepatitis C epidemic and determine how and at what cost these elimination targets could be achieved in China.

METHODS: We developed a compartmental model incorporating HCV transmission, disease progression, and care cascade for China, calibrated with data on demographics, injecting drug use, HCV prevalence, and treatments. Five different scenarios were evaluated for effects and costs for 2022-2030.

RESULTS: Under the status quo scenario, the incidence of hepatitis C is projected to increase from 60.39 (57.60 - 63.45) per 100,000 person-years in 2022 to 68.72 (65.3 - 73.97) per 100,000 person-years in 2030, and 2.52 million (1.94 - 3.07 million) infected patients are projected to die between 2022 and 2030, of which 0.76 (0.61 - 1.08) million will die due to hepatitis C. By increasing primary screening to 10%, conducting regular re-screening (annually for PWID and every 5 years for the general population) and treating 90% of patients diagnosed, the incidence would be reduced by 88.15% (86.61% - 89.45%) and hepatitis C-related mortality by 60.5% (52.62% - 65.54%) by 2030, compared to 2015 levels. This strategy would cost USD 52.78 ($43.93 - $58.53) billion.

CONCLUSIONS: Without changes in HCV prevention and control policy, the disease burden of HCV in China will increase dramatically. To achieve the hepatitis C elimination targets, China needs to sufficiently scale up screening and treatment.