OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate health and economic benefits, throughout the country, as the consequence of the realization cardiovascular system diseases prevention programme among the children and youth of school age in Poland. METHODS: This was a health and an economic evaluation using a simulation model based on 10,000 subjects. The frequency of incidence of cardiovascular system diseases was estimated using data from the Polish epidemiological trials programs and statistical yearbook. Costs of cardiovascular system diseases treatment were derived from medical services catalogue of The National Health Fund (NFZ). The effectiveness of preventive programmes was extracted from the INTERHEART study and other published sources. RESULTS: Correctly constructed and conducted prevention programme of cardiovascular system diseases among the children and youth of school age in Poland could reduce about 70% lipid disorders, 50% obesity, 50% arterial hypertension, 8% heart attack, 5% the diabetes mellitus type 2, and about 4% the cerebrovascular incident in adult life of the beneficiaries. The indirect results of prevention are the extending of life-span and the improvement of health quality of individuals as well as their families, the improvement of epidemiological situation and measurable financial profit throughout the country because of dangerous and chronic health complications prevention as well as lack of limitations of ability to work. CONCLUSION: The cost of analysed preventive programme of cardiovascular system diseases is about 15 times smaller than health care costs of these diseases.