OBJECTIVES: Brazil’s universal access to healthcare program has been deemed successful by several different measures.  However, given limited healthcare budgets, the affordability of newer, increasingly expensive technologies can become a major access barrier. This study compares the affordability of current HIV/AIDS and oncology technologies in Brazil to those in the U.S. and other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. METHODS: Per patient treatment costs for HIV/AIDS and oncology technologies in Brazil, the U.S. and other OECD countries were obtained from published studies and datasets. Non-Brazilian studies were chosen for their comparability to the Brazilian counterpart studies in terms of patient populations, disease characteristics, treatments, and economic perspective. Costs compared included drugs, procedures, administrative costs, and total cost of treatment. All costs were converted to 2011 U.S. dollars.  The two affordability measures utilized included: (1) Cost per gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and (2) cost per healthcare spending (HCS) per capita. These measures were compared between Brazil and other OECD countries to estimate the relative affordability of HIV/AIDS and oncology technologies. RESULTS: A majority of technologies assessed were less affordable in Brazil compared to comparator OECD countries by both affordability measures. Under the GDP measure, oncology technologies in Brazil consumed approximately 2 to 20 times the amount of available resources compared to OECD countries. Using the HCS measure, healthcare resource consumption in oncology was 4 to over 40 times that of OECD countries.  Differences in relative affordability of HIV/AIDS technologies were generally smaller, with resource consumption in each country generally varying by less than 3 times that of the comparator country using each affordability measure. CONCLUSIONS: Although oncology and HIV/AIDS technology access in Brazil has increased in recent years, these treatments may be relatively less affordable compared to other developed countries given Brazil’s current resource and budget constraints.