OBJECTIVES:  To assess the health care costs, 30-day readmission rates, and predictors of 30-day readmission among patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) in the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) population (01OCT2010-30SEP2015). METHODS:  Patients diagnosed with UTI (International Classification of Disease, 9^th Revision, Clinical Modification codes 590, 595, 597, and 599) were identified from the VHA dataset for the identification period (01OCT2011-30SEPT2014). The initial diagnosis date was designated as the index date. Patients with the same age, race, and sex as the study UTI patients, but without a UTI diagnosis, were identified for comparison. An index date was selected randomly to minimize bias. Adult patients were required to have continuous medical and pharmacy benefits for 1 year pre- and post-index date. Health care costs and 30-day readmission rates were compared among 1:1 matched patients with and without UTI during the follow-up period. Logistic regression was used to examine the predictors of 30-day readmission. RESULTS:  After matching, 468,883 patients were included in each group. Compared to patients without UTI, those with UTI incurred significantly higher inpatient ($13,240 vs $682; p<0.0001), outpatient ($6,019 vs $1,786; p<0.0001), and total costs ($19,260 vs $2,469; p<0.0001) as well as a higher 30-day readmission rate (9.3% vs 0.5%; p<0.0001). The likelihood of 30-day readmission was lower among patients aged 18-64 years versus ≥65 years (odds ratio [OR]: 0.4-0.9; p<0.0001) and higher among male (OR: 1.3; p<0.0001), black (OR: 1.2; p<0.0001), and white patients (OR: 1.1; p<0.0001) compared to those of other races and those with higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) scores (OR: 1.2; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS:  Patients diagnosed with UTI had significantly higher 30-day readmission rates and economic burden than those without UTI. Age, gender, race, and CCI score were significant predictors of 30-day readmission.