OBJECTIVES: Hemodialysis (HD) is a modality of renal replacement therapy that depends on a viable vascular access. The temporary double-lumen catheter (TBLC) provides immediate management; however, its use implies complications. This research aimed to calculate the average cost of TBLC use in chronic renal failure patients undergoing HD. METHODS: It was an observational cost assessment study, with quantitative approach, performed in the HD unit of a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in the period from April to September 2015. The sample consisted of 20 patients using TBLC who started dialysis. Data were analyzed using the statistical program Epi Info and Excel® 2010. Ethics Committee approved the study with number 998823/2015 RESULTS: Predominated female (55%), 54.8 years as mean age and hypertension was the most prevalent disease (75%). Although 55% of the sample refer to nephrologist prior monitoring, the making of arteriovenous fistula occurred in 27%, favoring the emergency dialysis. 40 catheters implants were performed. For 11 patients were performed 20 device replacements. Infection was the main cause of access substitute, which costs R$ 6,695.41/ treatment. The total cost related to catheter use was R$ 51,808.59. The mortality rate was 5%.  CONCLUSIONS: The use of temporary catheter in HD patients bring benefits, though their frequent manipulations and permanency are directly related to complications. The catheter maintenance and management facilitates infections, improving morbidity, mortality and hospital costs, that could be avoid. It is necessary to adapt catheter choices to patient's needs. Cost management provides adequate resources allocation, considering patient safety and quality care.