PURPOSE: The majority of network meta-analysis (NMA) applications in decision making in health care and in health technology assessment are focused mainly on the synthesis of evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Recent developments in methodology are opening opportunities for inclusion of greater variability in study design, broadening the evidence base and addressing limitations of RCTs. Starting from the standard RCT NMAs, this workshop will walk the participants through various study designs that could be synthesized including single arm trials, N-of-1 trials, cohort prospective and retrospective studies, and the corresponding methods that could be used for this purpose (e.g. matching-adjusted indirect comparison, hierarchical models, bias-allowance models, informative priors). Participants will gain a broad overview of important methods, their strengths and limitations, and will engage in exercises demonstrating the application to two case studies. The technical challenges and the interpretation of the results will be discussed as well as their potential use in the life cycle of a pharmaceutical product. DESCRIPTION: Dr. Andreas Karabis will briefly introduce the concept of NMA; present some key challenges for the inclusion of different non-randomized studies and real-world data, and will close this part with the proposed methods to address these challenges. Participants will be encouraged to provide their perspectives on the need for these methods and implications in their field. Dr. Christopher Schmid will present an N-of-1 NMA studying chronic pain. Dr. Ashley Pitcher will present the example of a NMA for type 2 diabetes mellitus first-line monotherapy, synthesizing the results of RCTs with a retrospective cohort study using EMR data. A step-wise approach will be followed for the presentation of these case studies and participants will be encouraged to provide feedback at each step (show of hands and questions).