OBJECTIVES: To identify the antibiotic prescription practices of pediatricians in common childhood diseases in Cyprus. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in all public pediatric clinics, corresponding to 57 in total pediatricians and pediatric residents. The study took place from April to May 2015. For data collection, a self-administered questionnaire was used, standardized and validated into Greek. The questionnaire was focused on respondents’ characteristics, their practices related to prescribing antibiotics in common childhood diseases and diagnostic uncertainty. Pearson's Chi-square Test has been performed in order to determine the significant differences between antibiotic prescription practices and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: In total 42 out of 57 pediatricians and pediatric residents filled out the questionnaire (RR=74%) and 54.8% of the questionnaires were collected from university hospitals. The majority of the sample (82.9%) was female (71.4%) and 65.9% have not post graduate qualified. The mean age of the sample was 41.5 years. 59.5% of the respondents prescribed often/very often antibiotics in pharyngitis, whereas 66.7% implemented the “watchful waiting” approach in acute otitis media; however only 11.9% administered antibiotics for the prevention of secondary respiratory tract infections in children without any other health problems. Moreover, the vast majority (90.2%) reported that they did not feel diagnostic uncertainty.  Statistical differences were found between pediatricians and pediatric residents as far as the prescription practices in common childhood diseases (p≤0.10). Those who had not postgraduate degree were more likely to feel diagnostic uncertainty (p≤0.10). Finally, 88.5% of university hospitals have a specialist in infectious diseases vs 11.5% of general hospitals (p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although pediatricians did not feel diagnostic uncertainty, a significant percentage of them prescribed antibiotics in common childhood diseases. Educational measures are needed to change perceptions leading to misuse of antibiotics.