Nowadays, economic evaluation has been increasingly used in health care decision-making in Brazil. The Brazilian economic evaluation literature in cancerology is unknown. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to identify and characterize the economic evaluation studies in cancerology conducted in Brazil. METHODS: Ten online databases (MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences Database (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), HTA Database (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD)), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Economia da Saúde (BVS ECOS), SCOPUS, Web of Science, and the Sistema de Informação da Rede Brasileira de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (SISREBRATS) were systematically searched. We also performed manual search. We selected partial and full economic evaluation studies in cancerology, where at least one of the authors was affiliated to a Brazilian institution. Two authors performed study selection and data extraction independently. Disagreements were resolved through discussion or through consultation with a third reviewer. The study characteristics were summarized in figures and summary tables. RESULTS: A total of 11946 records were identified. Fifty six articles met inclusion criteria, of these, 33 (59%) were a full and 23 (41%) were a partial economic evaluation. The cost-effectiveness analysis was the most used (27%). There was an increase in the number of publications over the years, especially after 2006. Researchers from the Southeast region of Brazil were responsible for the majority of the publications (82%). Cancers most frequently studied were breast cancer (37%), followed by cervical cancer (16%), lung cancer (12%) and colorectal cancer (9.0%). The technologies most studied were medications (34%). CONCLUSIONS: The expansion of the economic analysis literature could be explained by the growing demand for HTA studies by the National Policy for Health Technology Assessment in Brazil that may have stimulated the scientific production in this area.