OBJECTIVES: Experimental and clinical data support a role for estrogens in the development and growth of breast cancer, and lowered estrogen exposure reduces breast cancer recurrence and new diagnoses in high-risk women.  There is varied evidence that increased physical activity is associated with breast cancer risk reduction in both pre- and postmenopausal women, perhaps via lowered estrogen levels.  The purpose of this study was to assess whether exercise intervention in premenopausal women at increased breast cancer risk reduces estrogen or progesterone levels. METHODS: Seven healthy premenopausal women at high risk for breast cancer completed a seven-menstrual-cycle study.  The study began with two pre-intervention cycles of baseline measurement of hormone levels via daily first-morning urine collection, allowing calculation of average area-under-the-curve (AUC) hormone exposure across the menstrual cycle.  Participants then began 5 cycles of exercise training to maintenance of 300 minutes per week at 80-85% of maximal aerobic capacity.  During the last two exercise cycles, urinary estradiol and progesterone levels were again measured daily. RESULTS: Total estrogen exposure declined by 18.9% and total progesterone exposure by 23.7%.  Declines were mostly due to decreased luteal phase levels, though menstrual cycle and luteal phase lengths were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated the feasibility of daily urine samples and AUC measurement to assess hormone exposure in experimental studies of the impact of interventions on ovarian hormones.  The results suggest value in exercise interventions to reduce hormone levels in high-risk women with few side effects and potential for incremental benefits to surgical or pharmacologic interventions.