OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of selected medical conditions in Russia as estimated using the National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS) with those from the medical literature. METHODS: This study used data from the 2011 Russia NHWS, a cross-sectional survey administered to 10,039 adults living in large Russian cities recruited through both online and offline methods. All data were self-reported.  Weighted prevalence was estimated through self-report and validated scales embedded in the questionnaire.  Conditions included depression, restless legs syndrome, and sleep difficulties, among others.  Gender differences were also assessed.  NHWS estimates were compared with prevalence estimates taken from published studies. RESULTS: Twelve-month prevalence estimates of depression according to self-report were 20% in men and 25% in women, and depression of moderate or greater severity was identified through Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in 17% of men and 21% of women, both slightly higher than the approximately 10% and 20% estimates of clinically significant depression in men and women, respectively, reported by Akarachkova and Vershinina (2010).  In NHWS, restless leg syndrome was reported by 6% and 10% of men and women respectively, and found to affect 8% of men and 10% of women by Romanova (2008).  Difficulty falling asleep was estimated at 25% of men and 32% of women in NHWS, and 30% of men and 28% of women (Romanova, 2008).  Prevalence for all conditions among urban Russian adults was much lower across conditions when limited to patients reporting a diagnosis confirmed by a doctor.    CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence estimates and gender differences calculated from NHWS Russia data were generally similar to those taken from previous literature, providing initial evidence for its use in estimating prevalence of disease in urban Russia.  Reports of experiencing a condition were much more common than reports of confirmed diagnosis, suggesting substantial unmet medical need.