OBJECTIVES: The assessment of economic implications, both for individualized breast cancer (BC)  prevention and for public health policy, of findings concerning the risk of BC cancer in women with CHEK2 heterozygosity METHODS: Cost-effectiveness analysis of genotyping every women at CHEK2 and offering – on the basis of her BC risk profile - a personalized screening programme in which the starting age would vary, versus  present strategy, was perfomed using modelling  technique. Two scenarios were compared: (A) DNA CHEK2 test in  all women, screening strategy beginning at 25 years of age only in CHEK2-positive women (1.2%) and standard screening strategy (beginning at 50 years) in the remained population; (B) without DNA CHEK2 test,  in all women standard screening strategy. Data on life expectancy, BC risk, efficacy of screening strategy and medical costs were obtained from published literatures. The cohort simulation started with 25-year-old women and projected direct medical costs and outcomes  over patients lifetimes. Effectiveness was measured as life years gained (LYG). Only direct medical costs (BC screening and treatment) were included, assessed from health care payer perspective and reported in PLN (1 EUR=4.5 PLN in 2009). 5% and 3.5% discount rate was used for cost and effectiveness, respectively.  RESULTS: The total lifetime costs/patient  were estimated to be  2223.85 PLN (discounted: 644.84 PLN) in (A) and 1998.20 PLN (discounted : 430.15 PLN) in (B). The total LYG generated with scenario (A) were 50.958 vs. 50,939 with scenario (B) (without discounting) and 23,170 vs. 23,165 (discounted), respectively. This results in ICER for (A) of 11,862 PLN/LYG (without discounting) and 41,865 PLN/LYG (discounted). Results were robust to sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CHEK2genotyping and pesonalized BC screening improves survival compared to standard strategy and considering the suggested threshold for cost-effectiveness in Poland (80,000 PLN/LYG in 2008), is  cost-effective in the Polish health-care system.