European Conference

Thursday, December 10, 1998
13.00 - 15.15 INVITED WORKSHOP
 Presenting Pharmacoeconomic Information to European Policy Makers-Case Reports
13.00 - 13.15INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTIVES - DAY ONE
Peter Davey MD, FRCP, MEMO, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
13.15 - 14.00PRESENTING PHARMACOECONOMIC INFORMATION TO HEALTH CARE POLICY MAKERS IN THE UK - CASE REPORTS
presented by: Peter Davey MD, FRCP, MEMO, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
14.00 - 14.45PRESENTING PHARMACOECONOMIC INFORMATION TO THE GERMAN SICK FUND DECISION MAKERS - CASE REPORTS
presented by: Karl W. Lauterbach MD, ScD, Institute for Health Economics at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
14.45 - 15.15QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
13.00 - 15.15 CONTRIBUTED PODIUM PRESENTATIONS - ORIGINAL RESEARCH
 Outcomes Research issues and Economic and Outcomes Study Results for Cancer
13.00 - 13.15INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTIVES - DAY ONE
Karl W. Lauterbach MD, ScD, Institute for Health Economics at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Conference Co-chair
14.15 - 14.35 J1 IDENTIFYING INITIAL DIAGNOSIS IN DATABASE RESEARCH
Lalla DV, Kozma CM, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
14.35 - 14.55 J2 REVIEW OF LEGISLATION RELATING TO PROMOTION OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - IS HEALTH ECONOMICS DATA COVERED?
Duthie T1, Thomander L1, Towse A2, Kotsanos J1, Tilson H3, 1Eli Lilly & Company, Basingstoke, England; 2Office of Health Economics, London, England; 3University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
14.55 - 15.55 J3 HOW DO PATIENTS MAKE SATISFACTION JUDGEMENTS? ANSWERS FROM STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING
Trudeau E, Mapi Values, Lyon, France
13.15 - 13.35 CAN1 COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF HIGH-DOSE CHEMOTHERAPY WITH HEMATOPOIETIC RESCUE AS PRIMARY TREATMENT FOR METASTATIC BREAST CANCER
Trippoli S, Messori A, Laboratorio SIFO di Farmacoeconomia, c/o Centro Informazione Farmaci, Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
13.35 - 13.55 CAN2 A NEW METHOD FOR EXPRESSING SURVIVAL AND LIFE EXPECTANCY IN CANCER PATIENTS
Messori A, Trippoli S. Laboratorio SIFO di Farmacoeconomia, c/o Centro Informazione Farmaci, Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
13.55 - 14.15 CAN3 PRACTICE PATTERNS OF CHEMOTHERAPY USAGE AND ASSOCIATED NEUTROPENIA AND FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA (FN) IN EUROPE
Lyman GH, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute at the University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
13.00 - 15.15 CONTRIBUTED PODIUM PRESENTATIONS - ORIGINAL RESEARCH
 Economic and Outcomes Study Results for Neurologic and Gastric Disordersr
13.55 - 14.15INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTIVES - DAY ONE
Jonathan Cooke, MPharm, PhD, South Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, UK, ISPOR Conference Co-chair
13.15 - 13.35 ND1 AN ELEVEN YEAR, CONTROLLED STUDY OF HEALTHCARE RESOURCE USE AND MORTALITY FOR PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Donnan P, Stubbings C, Steinke D, MacDonald T, McDevitt D, Morris A, Davey P, Medicines Monitoring Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland
13.35 - 13.55 ND2 IMPACT OF A COST SHARING DRUG INSURANCE PLAN ON DRUG UTILIZATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS RECEIVING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE
Blais L, Couture J, Rahme E, LeLorier J, Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Campus Hôtel-Dieu, Quebec, Canada
13.55 - 14.15 ND3 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ACAMPROSATE IN MAINTAINING ABSTINENCE IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS
Annemans, L, Vanoverbeke, N, HEDM, Mechelen, Belgium
14.15 - 14.35 ND4 CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF THE MIGRAINE SPECIFIC QUALITY OF LIFE QUESTIONNAIRE (MSQ) IN 14 LANGUAGES
Conway K1, Uzun V1, Jhingran P2, Kwong J2, Duthie T3, 1Mapi Research Institute, Lyon, France, 2 Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 3Formerly of Glaxo Wellcome, Uxbridge, UK
14.35 - 14.55 GI1 RATE OF GASTROPROTECTIVE AGENTS USE, DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, AND HOSPITALIZATIONS AMONG ELDERLY PATIENTS WHO STARTED ARTHROTEC, A FIXED COMBINATION OF MISOPROSTOL AND DICLOFENAC
Rahme E1, Joseph L2, Kong SX3, Watson DJ3, LeLorier J, 1Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Campus Hôtel-Dieu, Quebec, Canada, 2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 3Merck & Co., Inc.,Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
14.55 - 15.15 GI2 DIGEST INTERNATIONAL SURVEY: IMPACT OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS ON RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE
Einarson TR, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and the DIGEST Investigators
13.00 - 15.15 CONTRIBUTED PODIUM PRESENTATIONS - ORIGINAL RESEARCH
 Economic and Outcomes Study Results for Pulminary Disorders & Infectious Disease
13.55 - 14.15INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTIVES - DAY ONE
Thomas Kurscheid MD, MPH, Institute for Health Economics at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
13.15 - 13.35 L1 COMPLIANCE WITH INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS AND HOSPITALISATION FOR ASTHMA
McMahon A1, Lipworth B2, Morris A1, Davey P1, MacDonald T1; 1Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO), 2Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland
13.35 - 13.55 L2 EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL CIPROFLOXACIN IN THE TREATMENT OF EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC AIRWAY DISEASES
Blais L1, Couture J1, Bourbeau J2, Le Lorier J1, 1Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Campus Hôtel-Dieu, Quebec, Canada. 2Unité d'épidémiologie respiratoire, Université McGill, Montreal, Canada
13.55 - 14.15 L3 QUALITY OF LIFE OF ASTHMA PATIENTS RELATIVE TO ASTHMA SEVERITY
Greiner W, Schulenburg Graf vd JM, Center for Health Economics and Health System Research, University of Hannover, Germany
14.15 - 14.35 L4 CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF THE PEDIATRIC ASTHMA CAREGIVER QUALITY OF LIFE QUESTIONNAIRE (PACQLQ) IN 19 COUNTRIES
Mear I1, Conway K1, Juniper EF2, Santanello N3; 1Mapi Research Institute, Lyon, France; 2McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 3Merck & Co Inc, Blue Bell, PA, USA
14.35 - 14.55 ID1 IS TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE AN OUTCOME OF COMMUNITY ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING?
Steinke D1, Seaton R2, Phillips G3, MacDonald T1, Davey P1, 1Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO); 2Departments of Infectious Diseases; 3Medical Microbiology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland
14.55 - 15.15 ID2 CIPROFLOXACIN IS MORE SUCCESSFUL AND COST-EFFECTIVE THAN TRIMETHOPRIM/SULFAMETHOXAZOLE IN THE ORAL AMBULATORY TREATMENT OF WOMEN WITH UNCOMPLICATED ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
LeLorier J, Benhaddad A, LeLorier Y, Castilloux A-M, Desgagné A, Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Campus Hôtel-Dieu, Quebec, Canada
15.15 - 15.30 REFRESHMENT BREAK
15.30 - 16.30 CONTRIBUTED WORKSHOPS - SESSION 1
 TRACK 1: DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS & MODELS
 W5 A NATURAL HISTORY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: PATH-DEPENDENT EVALUATION OF CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES USING DECISION DATABASE METHODOLOGY
Arcelus A1, Bhattacharjya A2, Longo AE1, Kosik KS3, Finkelstein SN4, 1Analysis Group/Economics, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2Janssen Research Foundation, Titusville, NJ, USA; 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 4Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
 TRACK 2: GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS
 W8 THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FORMULARY SUBMISSION GUIDELINES FOR MANAGED CARE IN THE UNITED STATES
Langley P, Program in Pharmaceutical Economics and Health Systems Research, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
 TRACK 3: QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT
 W1 THE DARTS DIABETES DATABASE: HOW CAN QUALITY OF LIFE MEASUREMENTS FOR OUTCOMES RESEARCH BE INCORPORATED?
Evans JMM, Ruta DA, Davey PG, Morris AD, The DARTS / MEMO Collaboration, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
 W10 PRO AND CON OF USE DATA OF FOREIGN PHARMACOECONOMIC INVESTIGATIONS IN RUSSIA
Stratchounski L, Rozenson O. Smolensk State Medical Academy, Smolensk, Russia
 TRACK 4: STUDY METHODS
 W15 SELF-REPORTED RESOURCE UTILIZATION DATA IN PHARMACOECONOMIC TRIALS: THEIR USE AND IMPACT ON STUDY VALIDITY
Crawford B1, Evans C2, 1MAPI Values, Boston, MA, USA; 2Astra Pharmaceuticals, Westborough, MA, USA
 W16 PILOT PROJECTS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN THE EASTERN EUROPE; CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED; CASE STUDY OF THE PILOT PROJECT IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Dittrich I1, Jirsa J2, 1Prague, Czech Republic; 2Via Nova s.r.o.hopital/clinic, Zabrch, Czech Republic
16.30 - 17.30 CONTRIBUTED WORKSHOPS - SESSION 1R (SESSION 1 WORKSHOPS ARE REPEATED)
 TRACK 1: DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS & MODELS
 W5 A NATURAL HISTORY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: PATH-DEPENDENT EVALUATION OF CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES USING DECISION DATABASE METHODOLOGY
Arcelus A1, Bhattacharjya A2, Longo AE1, Kosik KS3, Finkelstein SN4, 1Analysis Group/Economics, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2Janssen Research Foundation, Titusville, NJ, USA; 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 4Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
 TRACK 2: GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS
 W8 THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FORMULARY SUBMISSION GUIDELINES FOR MANAGED CARE IN THE UNITED STATES
Langley P, Program in Pharmaceutical Economics and Health Systems Research, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
 TRACK 3: QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT
 W1 THE DARTS DIABETES DATABASE: HOW CAN QUALITY OF LIFE MEASUREMENTS FOR OUTCOMES RESEARCH BE INCORPORATED?
Evans JMM, Ruta DA, Davey PG, Morris AD, The DARTS / MEMO Collaboration, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
 W10 PRO AND CON OF USE DATA OF FOREIGN PHARMACOECONOMIC INVESTIGATIONS IN RUSSIA
Stratchounski L, Rozenson O. Smolensk State Medical Academy, Smolensk, Russia
 TRACK 4: STUDY METHODS
 W15 SELF-REPORTED RESOURCE UTILIZATION DATA IN PHARMACOECONOMIC TRIALS: THEIR USE AND IMPACT ON STUDY VALIDITY
Crawford B1, Evans C2, 1MAPI Values, Boston, MA, USA; 2Astra Pharmaceuticals, Westborough, MA, USA
 W16 PILOT PROJECTS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN THE EASTERN EUROPE; CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED; CASE STUDY OF THE PILOT PROJECT IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Dittrich I1, Jirsa J2, 1Prague, Czech Republic; 2Via Nova s.r.o.hopital/clinic, Zabrch, Czech Republic
17.30 - 19.00 WINE & CHEESE RECEPTION & VIEWING OF CONTRIBUTED POSTERS PRESENTATION - SESSION 1
 Contributed Poster Presentations
 CANCER AND AIDS
 PCA1 PHARMACOECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF PROTEASE-INHIBITORS FOR HOSPITAL IN-PATIENTS WITH AIDS
Rahmouni S, Peyron F, Flori A, Moreau J, Charbitt JJ, Bués-Charbit M, Balanard G, North Hospital, Marseilles, France
 PCA2 THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ITRACONAZOLE SOLUTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ORAL CANDIDIASIS IN HIV/AIDS PATIENTS: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
McGann ME1, Halpern M1, Rance L2, Ajax MJ1, 1MEDTAP International, Seattle, Washington, USA; 2Janssen-Ortho, Inc, North York, Ontario, Canada
 PCA3 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 17-1A ADJUVANT THERAPY OF RESECTED DUKES' C COLORECTAL CARCINOMA IN GERMANY
Schädlich PK1, Lützelberger U2, Brecht JG1, Volmer T2, 1InForMed GmbH, Hamburg, Germany; 2Glaxo Wellcome GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
 PCA4 OUTCOME OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 17-1A ADJUVANT THERAPY OF RESECTED COLON CANCER DUKES' C IN GERMANY: A SUB-GROUP ANALYSIS
Brecht JG1, Volmer T2, Schädlich PK1, Lützelberger U2, 1InForMed, GmbH, Hamburg, Germany; 2Glaxo Wellcome GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
 PCA5 QUALITY OF LIFE IN HODGKIN'S DISEASE RESULTS FROM THE EORTC AND GHSG TRIALS
Fletcher H1, Rufer JU2, 1Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; 2Medical Department I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
 PCA6 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF GEMCITABINE AS FIRST-LINE THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PANCREATIC CANCER
Trippoli S, Messori A, Laboratorio SIFO di Farmacoeconomia, c/o Centro Informazione Farmaci, Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
 PCA7 COST ESTIMATION OF SEVERE NEUTROPENIA IN BELGIUM
Annemans L1, Eynatten C1, De Smedt B2, Alwan A3, Vanschoubroek K4, Standaert B4 1HEDM, Mechelen, Belgium; 2BDS Clinical Services, Mechelen, Belgium; 3MEDSTAT, Antwerp, Belgium; 4Amgen, Brussels, Belgium
 PCA8 COST MINIMIZATION IN THE USE OF THE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS (CSFs) BASED ON CLINICAL PREDICTION MODELS (CPMs)
Lyman GH1,2, Kuderer NM3, Balducci L2, 1London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; 2H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Center, Tampa, Fl, USA; 3Albert-Ludwigs-Universitäd, Freiburg, Germany
 PCA9 QUALITY OF LIFE (QoL) OF PATIENTS WITH LOW-GRADE NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (lg-NHL) TREATED WITH FLUDARABINE (F) OR CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-VINCRISTINE- PREDNISONE (CVP)
Bérubé S1, Meyer R2, Klasa R3, Shustik C4, 1Berlex Canada Inc, Quebec, Canada; 2Hamilton Regional Cancer
 PCA10 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROFILE-BASED QUALITY OF LIFE SCORES AND EUROQOL-5D SCORES IN BREAST CANCER SURGERY PATIENTS
Namjoshi M, Taylor T, Hohl R, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
 PCV1 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF LIPID MODULATOR AGENTS
Lacour A, Derderian F, LeLorier J, Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Campus Hôtel-Dieu, Quebec, Canada
 PCV2 ADAPTING ECONOMIC ANALYSES FROM ONE COUNTRY TO ANOTHER: DO THE WOSCOPS UK FINDINGS HOLD IN BELGIUM?
Caro JJ, Huybrechts KF for the WOSCOPS Study Group, Caro Research, Boston, MA, USA
 PCV3 EFFICACY OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION THERAPY: A PROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER COHORT STUDY
Willich SN, Völler H, Binting S, Gohlke H, Hahmann H, Kleber F, Klein G, Krobot K, Bestehorn K for the PIN Study Group, Institute for Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
 PCV4 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HYPERTENSION STUDY FROM THE PISTOIA PROJECT
Potenza A1, Berto P2, Feroci P1, Lattari P1, Pacini R1, Mundula V1, Papini D3, Reggio S4 1 ASL 3, Pistoia, Italy; 2Pbe consultants, Verona, Italy; 3 School of Medicine, Firenze, Italy; 4 Pfizer Italiana, Roma, Italy
 PCV5 POTENTIAL COST SAVINGS OF THE 4 FRENCH INFINITI CATHETER IN DIAGNOSTIC CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
Neighbors D1, Buckingham T1, Greiner W2, Schulenburg J2, 1Center for Economics Research, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 2Centre for Health Economics and Health System Research, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
 PCV6 MEASURING DISEASE-SPECIFIC SYMPTOM IMPACT: DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IMPACT SCALE (AFIS)
Turner R, Kocal M, Testa M, 1PHASE V Technologies Inc, Wellesley Hills, MA, USA, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
 PCV7 CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF THE SEATTLE ANGINA QUESTIONNAIRE (SAQ) IN 11 COUNTRIES
Conway K1, Uzun V1, Spertus J2, Fletcher A3, Sagnier P4, 1Mapi Research Institute, Lyon, France, 2University of Missouri, Kansas City, USA, 3London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, 4Bayer AG, Pharma Europe, Leverkusen, Germany
 PCV8 PRELIMINARY QUALITY OF LIFE EVALUATION OF THE GERMAN S.A.T. TRIAL: COMPARISON OF SF-36, EUROQOL, TIME-TRADE-OFF METHOD AND WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY
Hunsche E, Kurscheid T, Wendland G, Lauterbach K. W, Institute for Health Economics at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
 GASTROINTESTINAL AND URINARY TRACT DISEASES
 PGIU1 WILLINGNESS TO PAY OF PATIENTS WITH PAINFUL-IRRITABLE BLADDER SYNDROME
Budhiarso I1, Bushnell D1, Ramsey S2, 1Health Research Associates, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA, 2University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
 PGIU2 EVALUATING CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF GERD TREATMENT OPTIONS USING DECISION ANALYSIS
McGhan WF1, Smith MD2, Crawley JA3, 1University of the Sciences at Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA, 2Health Decision Strategies, Princeton, NJ, USA, 3Astra Pharmaceuticals, Wayne, PA, USA
 PGIU3 THE EFFECTS OF ULCER-HEALING DRUG COPRESCIPTION ON NSAID INDUCED GASTROINTESTINAL EVENTS: A RECORD LINKAGE COHORT STUDY
Morant SV1,2, Shield MJ2, MacDonald TM1, 1Medicines Monitoring Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland; 2Searle, High Wycombe, UK
 PGIU4 CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF THE PATIENT ASSESSMENT OF CONSTIPATION-SYMPTOM QUESTIONNAIRE (PAC-SYM)
Conway K1, Uzun V1, Frank L2, Marquis P3, Farup C4, Dubois D5, 1 Mapi Research Institute, Lyon, France, 2 MEDTAP International Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA, 3 Mapi Values, Lyon, France, 4Janssen Research Foundation, Titusville, NJ, USA, 5 Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
 PGIU5 COST-UTILITY-ANALYSIS OF LAPAROSCOPIC VERSUS OPEN SURGERY FOR COLONIC DISEASE
Eypasch E, Köhler L, Tschubar F, Troidl H,Lauterbach K, St Hildegardis Hospital, II, Department of Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany and Institute of Health Economics at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
 DIABETES
 PD1 COMPLIANCE WITH AMERICAN DIABETIC ASSOCIATION (ADA) RECOMMENDATIONS IN A TYPE 2 DIABETIC POPULATION IN AN ACADEMIC FAMILY MEDICINE CENTER
Longe RL1, Taylor AT1, Wagner PJ2, 1University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; 2 Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
 PD2 THE CULTURAL VALIDATION OF THE DIABETIC FOOT ULCER SCALE: METHODS AND ISSUES
Conway K1, Pouget C1, Finn P2, Abetz L3, and McNulty P2, 1Mapi Research Institute, France, 2Johnson & Johnson, USA, 3Mapi Values, UK
 PD3 A NEW QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN NEPHROLOGY (QUALITATSMANAGEMENTSYSTEM-NIERE - QMS-N)
M. Schulz1, H. Rosenberg2, K. W. Lauterbach2, C. A. Baldamus1, 1Medicine Clinic IV at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, 2Institute for Health Economics at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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